ICAO - CORSIA

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By 2020, global international aviation emissions are projected to be around 70% higher than in 2005 and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) forecasts that by 2050 they could grow by a further 300-700%. The projections clearly demonstrate that action at the ICAO level is needed in order to ensure that the international aviation contributes to the mitigation efforts necessary to reach the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.

In October 2016, the ICAO agreed on a global market-based measure to address CO₂ emissions from international aviation as of 2021: the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). The objective of CORSIA is to stabilise CO₂ emissions at 2020 levels by requiring airlines to offset the growth of their emissions after 2020.

Airlines will be required to monitor emissions on all international routes and to offset emissions from routes included in the scheme by purchasing eligible credits generated by projects that reduce emissions in other sectors (e.g. renewable energy).

The participation in the first phase will be voluntary. According to ICAO as of 11 January 2018, 73 States, representing 87.7% of international aviation activity, intend to voluntarily participate in the global MBM scheme from the start. All EU Member State will participate in the first voluntary phase.

More information on CORSIA in different languages is available on the ICAO website.

At the European Level, once there is more clarity about the implementation of the CORSIA by ICAO, the Commission will present a further assessment and review of the EU ETS. More information can be found here.

The EU ETS 

The European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) was launched in 2005 by the directive 2003/87/EC. The EU ETS works as a cap and trade system by setting a price on GHG emissions. The EU ETS is an instrument implemented in the 28 Member States of the EU and in 3 EEA-EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway). For a general overview of EU ETS, please consult this document developed by the European Commission.

Scope of the EU ETS for aircraft operators included

The directive ETS

Since 2012 the emission from all flights, to and within European Economic Area (EEA) - the 28 EU Member States, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway - are included in the EU Emissions Trading System. This legislation is applicable to all airlines whatever they are European or non European. However since the beginning the Annex I of ETS directive specifically excludes the activities mentioned here:

1. flights performed exclusively for the transport, on official mission, of a reigning Monarch and his immediate family, Heads of State, Heads of Government and Government Ministers, of a country other than a Member State, where this is substantiated by an appropriate status indicator in the flight plan;
2. military flights performed by military aircraft and customs and police flights;
3. flights related to search and rescue, fire-fighting flights, humanitarian flights and emergency medical service flights authorised by the appropriate competent authority; 
4. any flights performed exclusively under visual flight rules as defined in Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention;
5. flights terminating at the aerodrome from which the aircraft has taken off and during which no intermediate landing has been made;
6. training flights performed exclusively for the purpose of obtaining a licence, or a rating in the case of cockpit flight crew where this is substantiated by an appropriate remark in the flight plan provided that the flight does not serve for the transport of passengers and/or cargo or for the positioning or ferrying of the aircraft;
7. flights performed exclusively for the purpose of scientific research or for the purpose of checking, testing or certifying aircraft or equipment whether airborne or ground-based;
8. flights performed by aircraft with a certified maximum take-off mass of less than 5700 kg;
9. flights performed in the framework of public service obligations imposed in accordance with Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 on routes within outermost regions, as specified in Article 299(2) of the Treaty, or on routes where the capacity offered does not exceed 30000 seats per year; and
10. flights which, but for this point, would fall within this activity, performed by a commercial air transport operator operating either: fewer than 243 flights per period for three consecutive four-month periods, or flights with total annual emissions lower than 10000 tonnes per year. Flights performed exclusively for the transport, on official mission, of a reigning Monarch and his immediate family, Heads of State, Heads of Government and Government Ministers, of a Member State may not be excluded under this point."
    

For more interpretation guidance on the annex, see the Commission’s decision (2009/450/EC) 

The objective of the EU ETS for fixed installations (-21% in 2020 compared to 2005) does not apply to aviation, rather since January 2013, the total quantity of allowances to be allocated to aircraft operators is equivalent to 95 % of the historical aviation emissions multiplied by the number of years in the period.

Amendments

Originally the legislation was intended to apply to all flights from, to and within the European Economic Area (EEA). Following the progress in the negotiations at International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on a global market based measure for aviation and the adoption of a Resolution by the 2016 ICAO Assembly on the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation  (CORSIA), the EU ETS requirements were amended three times :

• First, through the stop the clock decision which exempted for the year 2012 flights to and from non European countries.
• Second, through the 421/2014 regulation. For the years 2013 to 2016 the EU ETS covers only emission from flights within the EEA. From 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2016, all emissions from flights between an aerodrome located in an outermost region within the meaning of Article 349 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and an aerodrome located in another region of the EEA in each calendar year are also excluded;
• Third, through the Regulation 2017/2392 . This regulation amends the EU ETS Directive and maintains the current approach of a scope limited to flights within the EEA beyond 2016 until 2023. Once  there  is  more  clarity  about  the  nature  and content of the legal instruments adopted by ICAO for the implementation of the CORSIA, the Commission  intends  to  present  a  further  assessment  and  review  of  the  EU  ETS  to  the Council and the European Parliament. In the  absence  of an  amendment the  EU  ETS would  revert  to  its full  scope from  1  January 2024.

These exemptions were also accompanied by other provisions for low emitters:

• • • • • • Until 2030, flights performed by non-commercial aircraft operators with total annual emissions lower than 1 000 tonnes CO₂ per year shall not be included in the activity that falls under the EU ETS directive.
          • By way of derogation from Articles 3g, 12, 15 and 18a, where an aircraft operator has total annual emissions (full scope) lower than 25 000 tonnes CO2 or where an aircraft operator has total annual emissions lower than 3 000 tonnes of CO2 from flights other than those referred to in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1 of article 28a (extra EEA flights and flights to outermost regions), its emissions shall be considered to be verified emissions if determined by using the small emitters tool approved under Commission Regulation (EU) No 606/2010 (*) and populated by Eurocontrol with data from its ETS support facility. Member States may implement simplified procedures for non-commercial aircraft operators as long as such procedures provide no less accuracy than the small emitters tool provides. “

More information can be found here.

What are the consequences of being included in the EU ETS?

Contact

Walloon Air and Climate Agency

The Walloon Air and Climate Agency (AWAC) is one of the competent authorities in Belgium. You can either use the generic email address (ets.awac@spw.wallonie.be) or contact directly François Verpoorten who is in charge of aviation in the ETS team. Just below is the post address of the Agency:

Agence wallonne de l'Air et du Climat,
Avenue Prince de Liège n° 7 Bte 2,
B-5100 JAMBES – BELGIUM

Belgian National Greenhouse Gas Registry

All information can be found on this website.

Accredited Verifiers

More information on accredited verifiers is available in this document.

Legislation

To get an overview of the legislation:

• • • At the European level click here (section 2. “système d’échange de quotas d’émissions”) or visit the Commission website.
    • At the Walloon level, click here (section 2. “système d’échange de quotas d’émissions”).
    • At the Flemish level, click here.